History of the Yellow Star Inscribed With Jude

The yellow star, inscribed with the word Jude (Jew in German), has become a symbol of Nazi persecution. Its likeness abounds upon Holocaust literature and materials. But the Jewish badge was not instituted in 1933 when Hitler came to power. It was not instituted in 1935 when the Nuremberg Laws stripped Jews of their citizenship. It was still not implemented by Kristallnacht in 1938. The oppression and labeling of the Jews by use of the Jewish badge did not begin until after the start of the Second World War. And even then, it began as local laws rather than as a unified Nazi policy. Whether Nazis Where First to Implement a Jewish Badge The Nazis rarely had an original idea. Almost always what made the Nazi policies different was that they intensified, magnified, and institutionalized age-old methods of persecution. The oldest reference to using mandatory articles of clothing to identify and distinguish Jews from the rest of society was in 807 CE. In this year, Abbassid caliph Haroun al-Raschid ordered all Jews to wear a yellow belt and a tall, cone-like hat.1 But it was in 1215 that the Fourth Lateran Council, presided over by Pope Innocent III, made its infamous decree. Canon 68 declared: Jews and Saracens [Muslims] of both sexes in every Christian province and at all times shall be marked off in the eyes of the public from other peoples through the character of their dress.2 This Council represented all of Christendom and thus this decree was to be enforced throughout all of the Christian countries. The use of a badge was not instantaneous throughout Europe nor were the dimensions or shape of the badge uniform. As early as 1217, King Henry III of England ordered Jews to wear on the front of their upper garment the two tablets of the Ten Commandments made of white linen or parchment.3 In France, local variations of the badge continued until Louis IX decreed in 1269 that both men and women were to wear badges on the outer garment, both front and back, round pieces of yellow felt or linen, a palm long and four fingers wide.4 In Germany and Austria, Jews were distinguishable in the latter half of the 1200s when the wearing of a horned hat otherwise known as a Jewish hat — an article of clothing that Jews had worn freely before the crusades — became mandatory. It wasnt until the fifteenth century when a badge became the distinguishing article in Germany and Austria. The use of badges became relatively widespread throughout Europe within a couple of centuries and continued to be used as distinctive markings until the age of Enlightenment. In 1781, Joseph II of Austria made major torrents into the use of a badge with his Edict of Tolerance and many other countries discontinued their use of badges very late in the eighteenth century. When the Nazis Decided to Re-Use the Jewish Badge The first reference to a Jewish badge during the Nazi era was made by the German Zionist leader, Robert Weltsch. During the Nazi declared boycott upon Jewish stores on April 1, 1933, yellow Stars of David were painted on windows. In reaction to this, Weltsch wrote an article entitled Tragt ihn mit Stolz, den gelben Fleck (Wear the Yellow Badge with Pride) which was published on April 4, 1933. At this time, Jewish badges had yet even to be discussed among the top Nazis. It is believed that the first time that the implementation of a Jewish badge was discussed among the Nazi leaders was right after Kristallnacht in 1938. At a meeting on November 12, 1938, Reinhard Heydrich made the first suggestion about a badge. But it wasnt until after the Second World War began in September 1939 that individual authorities implemented a Jewish badge in the Nazi German-occupied territories of Poland. For instance, on November 16, 1939, the order for a Jewish badge was announced in Lodz. We are returning to the Middle Ages. The yellow patch once again becomes a part of Jewish dress. Today an order was announced that all Jews, no matter what age or sex, have to wear a band of Jewish-yellow, 10 centimeters wide, on their right arm, just below the armpit.5 Various locales within occupied Poland had their own regulations about size, color, and shape of the badge to be worn until Hans Frank made a decree that affected all of the Government General in Poland. On November 23, 1939, Hans Frank, the chief officer of the Government General, declared that all Jews above ten years of age were to wear a white badge with a Star of David on their right arm. It wasnt until nearly two years later that a decree, issued on September 1, 1941, issued badges to Jews within Germany as well as occupied and incorporated Poland. This badge was the yellow Star of David with the word Jude (Jew) and worn on the left side of ones chest. How Implementing the Jewish Badge Helped the Nazis Of  course, the obvious benefit of the badge to the Nazis was the visual labeling of the Jews. No longer would the rabble only be able to attack and persecute those Jews with stereotypical Jewish features or forms of dress, now all Jews and  part-Jews  were open to the various Nazi actions. The badge made a distinction. One day there were just people on the street, and the next day, there were Jews and non-Jews. A common reaction was as Gertrud Scholtz-Klinks stated in her answer to the question, What did you think when one day in 1941 you saw so many of your fellow Berliners appear with yellow stars on their coats? Her answer, I dont know how to say it. There were so many. I felt that my aesthetic sensibility was wounded. 6   All of a sudden, stars were everywhere, just like Hitler had said there were. How the Badge Affected Jews At first, many Jews felt humiliated about having to wear the badge. As in Warsaw: For many weeks the Jewish intelligentsia retired to voluntary house arrest. Nobody dared to go out into the street with the stigma on his arm, and if compelled to do so, tried to sneak through without being noticed, in shame and in pain, with his eyes fixed to the ground.7 The badge was an obvious, visual, step back to the Middle Ages, a time before Emancipation. But soon after its implementation, the badge represented more than humiliation and shame, it represented fear. If a Jew forgot to wear their badge they could be fined or imprisoned, but often, it meant beatings or death. Jews came up with ways to remind themselves not to go out without their badge. Posters often could be found at the exit doors of apartments that warned Jews by stating: Remember the Badge! Have you already put on the Badge? The Badge! Attention, the Badge! Before leaving the  building,  put on the Badge! But remembering to wear the badge was not their only fear. Wearing the badge meant that they were targets for attacks and that they could be grabbed for forced labor. Many Jews attempted to hide the badge. When the badge was a white armband with a Star of David, men and women would wear white shirts or blouses. When the badge was yellow and worn on the chest, Jews would carry objects and hold them in such a way as to cover their badge. To make sure that Jews could be easily noticed, some local authorities added additional stars to be worn on the back and even on one knee. But those werent the only rules. And, actually, what made the fear of the badge even greater were the other innumerable infractions for which Jews could be punished. Jews could be punished for wearing a creased or  folded  badge. They could be punished for wearing their badge a centimeter out of place. They could be punished for attaching the badge using a safety pin rather than sewing it onto their clothing.9 The use of safety pins was an effort to conserve badges and yet give themselves flexibility in outfits. Jews were required to wear a badge on their outer clothing — thus, at least on their dress or shirt and on their overcoat. But often, the material for badges or the badges themselves were scarce, so the number of dresses or shirts that one owned far exceeded the availability of badges. In order to wear more than one dress or shirt all the time, Jews would safety pin a badge onto their clothing for easy transfer of the badge to the next days clothing. The Nazis did not like the practice of safety pinning for they believed it was so the Jews could easily take off their star if danger seemed near. And it very often was. Under the Nazi regime, Jews were constantly in danger. Up to the time when Jewish badges were implemented, uniform persecution against the Jews could not be accomplished. With the visual labeling of Jews, the years of haphazard persecution quickly changed to organized destruction. References 1. Joseph Telushkin,  Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History  (New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991) 163.2. The Fourth Lateran Council of 1215: Decree Concerning the Garb Distinguishing Jews from Christians, Canon 68 as quoted in Guido Kisch, The Yellow Badge in History,  Historia Judaica  4.2 (1942): 103.3. Kisch, Yellow Badge 105.4. Kisch, Yellow Badge 106.5. Dawid Sierakowiak,  The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the Lodz Ghetto  (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996) 63.6. Claudia Koonz,  Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics  (New York: St. Martins Press, 1987) xxi.7. Lieb Spizman as quoted in Philip Friedman,  Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust  (New York: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980) 24.8. Friedman,  Roads to Extinction  18.9. Friedman,  Roads to Extinction  18. Sources Friedman, Philip. Roads to Extinction: Essays on the Holocaust. New York: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1980.Kisch, Guido. The Yellow Badge in History. Historia Judaica 4.2 (1942): 95-127.Koonz, Claudia. Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics. New York: St. Martins Press, 1987.Sierakowiak, Dawid. The Diary of Dawid Sierakowiak: Five Notebooks from the  Lodz Ghetto. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.Straus, Raphael. The Jewish Hat as an Aspect of Social History. Jewish Social Studies 4.1 (1942): 59-72.Telushkin, Joseph. Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know About the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1991.

Greek and Roman Military Influences in Modern Warfare

Current militaries have benefitted from the principles of ancient Greek and Roman warfare by studying the ancient battles, tactics, and use of supplies to develop effective military plans. Current militaries study and debate historical turning points of the ancient battles to understand how the leaders planned and executed battles. The empires’ growth was due in part to the might and successes of their military. The strength of their militaries came from many factors including their use of armor, weapons, and military tactics. The empires’ leaders used these three advantages to create the superior armies of their time. An important contributing factor to an armys success is armor for defense. An army can have skilled soldiers, but cannot be successful without the right armor. Roman and Greek armies wore similar types of armor. The Roman and Greek foot soldiers wore a square breastplate on their torso. While the Romans only wore one greave on their left leg, Greeks wore greaves on both legs. A greave was a sheet of metal worn to protect the legs (Horsepower: Harnessed†¦). Soldiers wear greaves even in current day. Recently, the greaves have been upgraded to protect the legs from ‘Improvised explosive devices,’ such as those in Iraq (Frost, Quad Guard). Roman soldiers wore a helmet that protected the neck, and came around to protect their face. The Greek’s helmets were more full and protective than the Roman helmets. Greek helmets covered their entire head and only left smallShow MoreRelatedThe Civilization Of Ancient Rome1366 Words   |  6 Pages The Civilization of Ancient Rome and The Time of the Kings, From Republic to Empire: Romulus and Remus, the Etruscans, the Greeks and early influences HST 101 Spring 2015 Lance Raebel Pima Community College West Campus Tucson, Arizona Table of Contents Introduction I. Romulus And Remus founding story a. Twin brothers i. 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Indian Textile Industry free essay sample

Textile IndustryStructure, Problems and Solutions Subject: Term Paper of Organization Management Under Guidance of Dr. Vinayshil Gautam Written By Jaimeen Rana Entry# 2012SMF6890 1 INDEX a) Introduction 3 b) History 3 c) Structure of Indian Textile Industry 3 d) Communication and Effectiveness 4 e) Problems faced by Textile Industry in India 5 f) Steps taken by government till now 7 g) Strategies for growth 8 h) Conclusion 9 i) References 10 2 a) Introduction Indian Textile and Apparel Industry is second largest manufacturer in the world with an estimated export value of US$ 34 billion and domestic consumption of US$ 57 billion. It stands at number two position in generating huge employment for both educated and uneducated labor in India. Over 350 lakh people are employed in this industry in India. 14% of total industrial production is done by this sector. 4% of India’s GDP is obtained by this sector. It contributes 17% to the India’s total export earnings. Top companies in Textile industry in India: Bombay Dyeing Fabindia JCT Limited Welspun India ltd Lakshmi Mills Mysore Silk Factory Arvind Mills Raymonds Reliance Textiles Grasim Industries ) History India’s textile industry evolved and developed at a very early stage and its manufacturing technology was one of the best ones. The government of India has also agreed to the proposals to support the textile industry by approving hundred percent Foreign Direct Investment in the market.Owing to the uprights and instantly incorporated textiles cost sequence (price chain), the Indian textile industry signifies a tough subsistence in the total value chain from raw products to finished products. The Synthetic and Rayon Textile Export Promotion Council (SRTEPC) has taken every required steps to meet the target of doubling the synthetic textile export in India to US $6. 2 billion by grabbing four percent of market share by fiscal year 2011- 2012. Taking into consideration the persistent funds in the textile industry, the Govt. of India may possibly widen the Technology Up gradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) by the end of the 11th Five Year Plan- in the financial year of 2011- 2012 in order to protract the industry. Indian textile industry is extraordinarily providing to meet the targeted production of $ 85 billion in the year of 2011, intending exports of more than $ 50 billion which was in year 2010.There is massive progress foreseen in Indian textile exports from the $ 17 billion accomplished in the year of 2005 -2006 to $ 50 billion by the year of 2009-2010. The assessment for the exports in the current fiscal year is about $ 19billion. There is significant potential in Indias exports of technical textiles and home textiles, as most European businesses desire to set up facilities near- by the emerging markets, such as China and India. So, the future of Indian textile industry is very bright, as it has open up the market for inter national business people.

Only Stricter Traffic Laws Can Prevent Accidents free essay sample

Every year hundreds of people die in car accidents as a result of bad driving. It is estimated that throughout the world, at least half a million people are killed and about 15 million injured on the roads each year. Most people suggest that we should do something to prevent the accidents and thus save many lives. Fortunately, society has become more life conscious, and over the last few years, people have become more aware of the reasons why they should drive more carefully. The facts that careless driving and poor road conditions are dangerous for other drivers, passangers and passers-by causes permanent disability and even death are just a few incentives to keep drivers from thhoughtless driving. First of all, the age of limit of young drivers should be raised to al least 21. A lot of young people are still irresponsible for their actions. Moreover, they do not realise the dangers of alcohol abuse and drive very fast or overtake improperly in order to show off. We will write a custom essay sample on Only Stricter Traffic Laws Can Prevent Accidents or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is still maintained that majority of car accidents is caused by teenagers who are between 17 and 19 years old. Secondly, governments should impose stricter fines for those who do not comply with speed limits on roads. Typically, more deaths occur on rural roads, where speeds are higher than in urban areas. Besides, the authorites should make an effort to improve road conditions. No holes, no bumps, but more motorways. Thanks to this, our vehicle can also be in a better condition. Additionally, no driver should use mobile phones as we are not concentrated on the road when we are driving. All in all, it is high time more sterner traffic laws were imposed. The fact is that road safety can be achieved through multidisciplinary approaches involving road engineering and traffic management, education and training of road users, and vehicle design. If we still do not realise how serious is the problem of bad driving and poor road conditions the next casualty of the accident may be one of us. It is high time a world code were created to reduce this senseless waste of human life. With regard to driving, laws of some countries are notoriously  lax and even the strictest are not strict enough. A code which was universally accepted could only have dramatically beneficial effect on the accident rate.

Bhagavad Gita Essay Example

Bhagavad Gita Essay Bhagvad Gita Is the book of authority for the Hindus. It literally means Song of the Divine. Although it appears in the mythological epic the Mahabharata, it is given the status of Shruti as it contains the essence of the Upanishadic teachings of the Vedas. It has 700 verses in 18 chapters. The Bhagvad Gita is in the form of a spiritual dialogue between Sri Krishna and Arjun on the battlefield of Kurukshetra.The background is apt as the dialogue concentrates on the use of spirituality in daily context. Arjun is torn between his duty to fight for justice and his love for his kinsmen who he has to fight. He becomes dejected and debates with Sri Krishna that no war can be justified on any grounds. Sri Krishna, through this dialogue convinces him that he has to fight; there is no other way. The discussion brings into focus various interesting aspects of the Hindu philosophy.Ideas developed in the Gita:The essential nature of man as Atman (The eternal witness as the Self).The essential nature of the universe as Brahman (God manifesting as everything).Maya (loosely explained as -ignorance) is the reason why this Essential nature remains hidden.Relationship between Atman and Brahman.Ideas about: Reincarnation/Law of Karma/Gunas-The Universe expressing itself through three qualities are developed in the Gita.Four pathways to God or Self-realisation.Idea of God as the Creator and Preserver who descends (Avatars) to earth for the good of mankind.Path of devotionPath of Devotion: Sri Krishna teaches the easiest path to God realisation is through devotion. One can think of God as having form and qualities. This allows one to build a relationship with God through worship, prayers and meditation. Bhakti and Parabhakti: Sri Krishna teaches that devotion to God in order to gain something from Him is lower form of love. Love for the sake of love is the higher form of devotion and is called Parabhakti. He further says: It does not matter what is offered to God; a fruit, a fl ower or a leaf. He accepts all offerings made with love. It is the love of the devotee that counts rather than any formal worship.Avat Avatars: God incarnates himself on earth again and again for the good of mankind. The Bhagavata talks of ten avatars of Vishnu. Krishna is considered to be the eighth avatar. Ninth being Buddha and the tenth is yet to come and will be called Kalki. Room for many other Avatars: Hindu teachings allow for many other Avatars. These Avatars come with tremendous compassion and ability to give God-realisation to others. They always herald a new wave of spirituality to engulf mankind. Hinduism allows for and accepts avatars of all other faiths.arsReincarnationReincarnation: Our essential nature is called the Atman that does not die with the body. It is eternal and all pervading. Its nature is that of consciousness, existence and bliss. The body is just the outer garment, which is discarded when worn out. Cycle of Birth, Childhood, Old age, Death and rebirth is called Samsara. The soul continues to reincarnate until it realises God. The spiritual progress made in each lifetime is not wasted but helps in the next life. The only things that come with us when we die are the fruits of our actions and the character we have developed. Reincarnation only stops when we merge with God or realize our true Self. That is called Moksha.Conclusions:Renunciation: The central theme of the Gita is renunciation. Work away; but offer the fruits of your actions to God. Do not run after the objects of the senses. Lead a detached life. We have to realise that the essential I is the witness it has to be extricated and seen as separate from the mind/body complex. Yet renunciation does not mean running away from ones duties. As long as we feel we are bound we have to make an effort to be free. The way to achieve this is by righteous living.Shrugging off our duties towards society is not the way forward, teaches the Gita. Live in the world in a detached way, is the central message of Gita. Renounce the trivial in order to gain the majestic. Devotion to Sri Krishna: The Gita teaches that the essential nature of man is divine; it is a manifestation of God. Yet the Gita makes it clear that for most of us the way forward may be through adoration and worship of an external God. Sri Krishna says that there is nothing wrong with this idea.It is an easier way to divinity. The idea of God with forms and qualities is an important tool in spiritual search. It is perhaps a better pathway as the tool we use is also the end product we strive for. Synthesis of many views of God: The earlier Upanishadic philosophies taught of the underlying reality as Brahman- manifesting as the universe. It also manifests as Atman in all living things. Gita synthesizes these views and adds to it the idea of God with forms and attributes. It makes a serious contribution in putting across many differing prevalent views on spirituality in a coherent manner. The concept of Brahman as being without attributes is modified to take on the idea of Brahman with attributes in the form of a personalised God. Synthesis of many pathways to God:The popularity of the Gita is, to some extent due to the fact that it managed to show that different pathways to God are all equally valid. God can be reached through Paths of Knowledge, Action, Devotion and Meditation. One can choose the pathway or any combination of pathways to suit ones own abilities. Pluralistic methods to reach God have been advocated by Hinduism and the Gita is a good example of this. We all have different starting points in spiritual progress hence the method we each adopt to reach the same destination will necessarily be different. This essential freedom does not have to be sacrificed.

A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving Quotes

A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving Quotes A Charlie Brown Thanksgiving serves up some surprisingly poignant and often funny quotes about Turkey Day. The Peanuts characters, including Lucy, Linus, Patty, Sally, Marcie, and of course, Charlie Brown, maybe youngsters, but they provide plenty of thoughtful wisdom about Thanksgiving traditions like football, turkey and  pumpkin pie. Of course, the words are put into their animated mouths by creator and writer Charles M. Schulz, who was just five days shy of his 51st birthday when the special aired in 1973. It won him the Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Childrens Programming. It continued to air every Thanksgiving on CBS until 2000, the year that Schulz died, and then on ABC. Enhance your Thanksgiving dinner conversation with some of these pithy quotes from the TV special, which is also available on DVD and streaming video. Thanksgiving History Linus: In the year 1621, the Pilgrims held their first Thanksgiving feast. They invited the great Indian chief Massasoit, who brought 90 of his brave Indians and a great abundance of food. Governor William Bradford and Captain Miles Standish were honored guests. Elder William Brewster, who was a minister, said a prayer that went something like this: We thank God for our homes and our food and our safety in a new land. We thank God for the opportunity to create a new world for freedom and justice. Expressing Thanks Peppermint Patty: Are we going to have a prayer? Its Thanksgiving, you know.Marcie: Thanksgiving is more than eating, Chuck. We should just be thankful for being together. Traditions Lucy: But Charlie Brown, it’s Thanksgiving. One of the greatest traditions we have is the Thanksgiving Day football game and the biggest, most important tradition of all is the kicking off of the football.Lucy: Isn’t it peculiar, Charlie Brown, how some traditions just slowly fade  away.Charlie Brown, after singing  Over the River and Through the Woods to Grandmothers House We Go: Well, theres only one thing wrong with that...My grandmother lives in a condominium. The Food Charlie Brown: I cant cook a Thanksgiving dinner. All I can make is cold cereal and maybe toast.Peppermint Patty: Look at this! Is this what you call a Thanksgiving day dinner? Did we come across town for this? Were supposed to be served a real Thanksgiving dinner!Peppermint Patty: What kind of Thanksgiving dinner is this? Wheres the turkey, Chuck? Dont you know anything about Thanksgiving dinners? Wheres the mashed potatoes? Wheres the cranberry sauce? Wheres the pumpkin pie? Uninvited Guests Marcie to Peppermint Patty, after they crash Thanksgiving dinner at Charlie Browns house: Wait a minute, Sir; did he invite you here to dinner? Or did you invite yourself and us too? Meet-Ups Sally: Why dont you come along, Linus? We could hold hands under the table. Stress Charlie Brown: Weve got another holiday to worry about. It seems Thanksgiving Day is upon us.

Water cooler Innovation and Technology (MMBA - 6540 - 1) Essay

Water cooler Innovation and Technology (MMBA - 6540 - 1) - Essay Example n comes with ownership, creation of the correct conditions, recruitment of innovative workforce, and development of processes and culture that support innovation. I particularly like this article because of its depiction of signs of an innovative leader and his/her importance in making the organizational culture innovative. The author has supported the claims in the article with practical examples e.g. Steve Jobs asking the Why and What if questions and Apple employees following him in the same direction, thus depicting the organization’s innovative culture. None of the four philosophies proposed by the author can be developed unless innovation is taken seriously by every member of the organization. Innovation requires everybody’s participation. It is not just the Research and Development (R&D) job. A good idea could arise from the most unexpected source, so nobody should be underestimated in his/her creative thinking ability. Initially some failures may be encountered, but they guide the company towards the success. Overall, the article is very informative and allows a quick insight into the fundamentals of innovation and its